神格唯一论
神格唯一论(mono –“唯一”;arche-“规则” )兴起于公元二世纪,它是一个关于神本质的认识的异端。该异端维护神的唯一性,并且驳斥三神论(tritheism)。然而,它也违反了正统教义中的“三位一体”理论。神格唯一论教导,只有一位上帝,即父神。而三位一体理论认为,有三个位格同存于一位上帝体内:父,子以及圣灵。三位一体理论是一神论的,而不是被其批判断言的多神论。神格唯一说分为两派思想∶动力神格唯一论(Dynamistic Monarchianism)及形态神格唯一论(Modalistic Monarchianism)。
动力神格唯一论(Dynamic Monarchianism)教导,上帝是父神,而耶稣只是人类,他否认了上帝的人性,并教导,圣灵是父神的一种权利或象征。现今仍然支持这个异端的团体有耶和华见证人(Jehovah's Witnesses),基督弟兄会(Christadelphians)以及合一派(Unitarians)。此外,部分古老的神格唯一论信徒也是嗣子论(Adoptionists)的创立者,嗣子论教导,耶稣一直被試煉到祂受洗時才合格,被上帝拣选为基督,之后蒙上帝赐予神力,并被上帝收作养子。早期教導动力的神格唯一论者,是一位名叫"提阿多达" (Theodotus of Byzantium)的拜占庭教徒,以及后来在主后260年左右的一位安提阿的主教 "撒摩撒他之保罗" (Paul of Samosata) 。
形态神格唯一论(Modal monarchianism)教导,上帝是一个纯粹的人,他扮演着父,子,圣灵三种不同的形态。换句话说,父,子,和圣灵不是同时存在的,而是一个人三种连续的形态。这思想来自小亚细亚的“普拉克西亚” (Praxeas)神父,在主后200年的罗马创立了这个学说。现在仍然支持这个异端的是一神五旬節联合教会(United Pentecostal)和使徒联合教会(United Apostolic Churches)。然而,现代的模态论信徒坚持认为,上帝的名字是耶稣,他们需要以耶稣的名义来进行洗礼,而不是通过父,子,圣灵,来进行救赎。
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