Was Jesus simply a mythical figure, a fabrication by religious zealots who wanted a symbol to rally behind for whatever reason they needed at the time? Or, was Jesus an actual person who lived in Israel 2,000 years ago? Most often, those who deny Jesus as a historic figure denounce the New Testament writings, particularly the gospels, as fabrications or highly embellished stories passed down through the years. They must do this. Otherwise, they would have to acknowledge that Jesus lived.

In reality, a person must ignore a great deal of evidence establishing the historic accuracy of the gospels. In other words, the Bible alone is sufficient evidence that Jesus lived, whether or not the critics want to admit it. But making this claim doesn’t establish it as fact. So, let’s look at some of the reasons why we know that Jesus is not a mythical creation but an actual man who lived in Israel.

The Gospels as history–date of authorship

According to the Christian church, the four Gospels were written by the apostles and/or those under the direction of the apostles of Jesus. That means that they were written under the direction of eyewitnesses of the actual events. Also, none of the gospels mention the destruction of the Jewish temple in 70 A.D. This is significant because Jesus had prophesied concerning the temple when He said “As for these things which you are looking at, the days will come in which there will not be left one stone upon another which will not be torn down,” (Luke 21:6, see also Matt. 24:1; Mark 13:1). If the gospels had been written after that date and if they were fabrications, then surely they would have contained the account of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple which are known historical facts. Yet, Matthew, Mark, and Luke contain no such information. Luke was written before Acts (Acts 1:1). The book of Acts, a history of the Christian church, which doesn’t mention the fall of Jerusalem either, nor does it record the deaths of Paul, James, and Peter which all happened in the early ’60s. This means that Acts was written at least by A.D. 62 and Luke was written before that. Therefore, the time between the events and the writings is around 30 years. This further means that the eyewitnesses were around who could have corrected any statements written in the gospels. Yet, we have absolutely no corrective or contradictory writings from that time, from anyone, denying the accounts of the gospels. For more information on this please see When were the gospels written and by whom?

Therefore, we can conclude that the gospels were written well before the close of the first century.

The Gospels as history–historical content

The gospels do not have the sense of mythical literature. If anything, they are written as eyewitness accounts. Consider the first four verses of the gospel of Luke which clearly states that it is a researched document.

Luke 1:1-4, “Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile an account of the things accomplished among us, just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and servants of the word have handed them down to us, it seemed fitting for me as well, having investigated everything carefully from the beginning, to write it out for you in consecutive order, most excellent Theophilus; so that you might know the exact truth about the things you have been taught.”

This is not how myths are made. This is how you uncover evidence and record it. Luke examined the witnesses, interviewed them, and checked out the facts. In Luke 2:1-2, we have historically verifiable information: “Now it came about in those days that a decree went out from Caesar Augustus, that a census be taken of all the inhabited earth. ²This was the first census taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria.” Also, see Luke 3:1-2, “Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, ²in the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John, the son of Zacharias, in the wilderness.” We clearly see numerous historical statements that have been verified through archaeology. This is precise record-keeping, not extravagant additions. In fact, “Sir William Ramsey has shown that in making reference to 32 countries, 54 cities, and 9 islands he made no mistakes!”¹Geisler, Norman L., and Thomas A. Howe, When Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties, Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1992, p. 384. Sir William Ramsey (1851-1939) was a classical scholar and archaeologist. He taught at Oxford England, Aberdeen. He authored several scholarly books dealing with archaeology and had a major influence on it as a science.

Nevertheless, there are many verifiable things found in the gospel accounts.

1. Herod, king of Judea, (Matt. 14:1; Luke 1:5).
2. Herodias, the wife of Herod’s brother Philip, (Matt. 14:3).
3. Pool of Bethesda, (John 5:1-3).
4. Pool of Siloam, (John 9:7).
5. etc.

There are many many more citations verified by archaeology that demonstrate the accuracy of the gospels. When they mention events dealing with rulers, places, events like a census, who was governor, etc., they are all accurate historically.

The Gospels as history–accuracy of transmission

Though the gospels were written early, some might claim that mythical material was added over time. Thus, a very important issue is whether or not the Gospels have been accurately transmitted from the original writings down to the copies that we have today. Yes, they have been accurately transmitted to us. The truth is that the New Testament documents are 99.5% textually pure. This means that only 1/2 of 1% of all the documents, of all the copies in existence, has any question about the text. If this is compared to any other ancient writing, the New Testament comes out way ahead.

Nevertheless, the accuracy is really even greater than 99.5%. The reason is that many of the copies that have spelling errors, minor word omissions and additions, etc., are copied and those copies contain those various minor errors. So, for example, if one manuscript has “Jesus Christ” and it is copied only as “Jesus,” then the following manuscripts will contain only the word “Jesus” where other manuscripts might contain “Jesus Christ.” All that is needed is to compare the copies, see which of them is the oldest, which fits into the lineage of copies that is correct or has an error, etc., and the mistake is usually very easily cleared up by comparing copies. Therefore, we can know what the original said in almost every case.

Also, if 10 copies contain the same copying error, then the total number of copies with errors increases. But in reality, by tracing the text back through parent manuscripts that are uncovered to archeology, we can uncover manuscripts that shed light on which rendering is correct.

Following is a partial chart detailing various copies of various ancient writings. It should be obvious that the New Testament documents are extremely well preserved. Therefore, if the New Testament cannot be considered reliable, then neither can any of the other writings listed below.

Author	Date Written	Earliest Copy	Approximate Time Span between original & copy	Number of Copies	Accuracy of Copies
Plato	427-347 B.C.	900 A.D.	1200 yrs	7	—-
Caesar	100-44 B.C.	900 A.D.	1000	10	—-
Aristotle	384-322 B.C.	1100 A.D.	1400	49	—-
Homer	900 B.C.	400 B.C.	500 yrs	643	95%
New Testament	1st Cent. A.D. (50-100 A.D.	approx. c. 130 A.D.	less than 100 years	5600 (in Greek)	99.5%

*For a larger, more complete chart please see Manuscript Evidence for Superior New Testament Reliability.

Miscellaneous Information on the Gospels versus mythical accounts

Noted Oxford expert on literature and myths, C. S. Lewis, said, “I have been reading poems, romances, vision-literature, legends, myths all my life. I know what they are like. I know that not one of them is like this [the Gospels].”²Lewis, C.S., Christian Reflections, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1967, 154–55, as cited in Norman L. Geisler and Abdul Saleeb, Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2002, p. 244. The gospels don’t read like mythical literature because they aren’t.

Regarding the gospel of Mark. “A date before a.d. 50 leaves no time for mythological embellishment of the records. They would have to be accepted as historical.”³Geisler, Norman L., Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999, p. 188. The first accounts of Jesus are too early to be mythical.

“New Testament books appeared within the lifetime of eyewitnesses and contemporaries. Luke was written by about 60, only twenty-seven years after Jesus’ death, before Acts in 60–62 (see Hemer, all). First Corinthians was written by 55–56, only twenty-two or twenty-three years after Jesus’ death (cf. 1 Cor. 15:6-8). Even radical New Testament scholar John A. T. Robinson dates basic Gospel records between 40 and 60…there is no time or way for a legend to develop while the eyewitnesses were still alive to refute the story.”⁴Geisler, p. 518. The numerous early accounts of Jesus render a mythical explanation virtually impossible.

Conclusion: The life of Jesus is not a mythical Story

There is no reason to doubt the reality of Jesus as a historic figure. The gospel accounts are four different accounts from four different people. They were penned by either eyewitnesses or under the direction of the eyewitnesses. These same gospels were distributed throughout the region very quickly and we have no account anywhere on any of the contemporaries attempting to refute any of the facts written in them — including those accounts dealing with the miracles of Jesus.

In order for Jesus to be a mythical figure, it would have to be shown that the gospel accounts were highly embellished and inaccurately copied and transmitted. But, considering that there are other, non-biblical accounts mentioning Jesus, it would be very difficult for anyone to demonstrate that He never lived.